![]() Bark |
![]() Leaves |
![]() Male Flower |
![]() Colour Variant |
![]() Female Flower |
![]() Fruit |
Height: <40 m, Age: <300 yr
Ectomycorrhizal
Lacks Persistent Seed Bank
Monoecious, Flowering April - May
(Earliest: 17.4)
Protective Chemicals | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monoterpenoids | Sabinene | ||||
Flavonoids | Catechin, Epicatechin, Taxifolin | ||||
Other Phenolics | Coniferin, Creosol, Isoconiferin, Syringin, Tannins | ||||
Amino Acids | Nicotianamine |
Biotopes: |
![]() Beech Forest |
![]() Hedge Rows | ||
Pollination: | Wind | |||
Seed Dispersal: |
![]() Garrulus glandarius | |||
Mycorrhizae: |
![]() Cantharellaceae |
![]() Several Gomphaceae |
![]() Hydnaceae |
![]() Clavulina coralloides |
![]() Phallus impudicus |
![]() Tomentella atroarenicolor |
![]() Many Boletaceae |
![]() Paxillus involutus | |
![]() Scleroderma areolatum |
![]() Scleroderma citrinum |
![]() Many Russulaceae |
![]() Many Amanitaceae | |
![]() Many Cortinariaceae |
![]() Several Entolomataceae |
![]() Several Hydnangiaceae |
![]() Several Hygrophoraceae | |
![]() Many Hymenogastraceae |
![]() Many Inocybaceae |
![]() Many Tricholomataceae | ||
Parasites: |
![]() Mycosphaerella fagi |
![]() Apiognomonia errabunda |
![]() Taphrina fagicola |
![]() Several Hymenochaetaceae |
![]() Several Fomitopsidaceae |
![]() Ganodermataceae |
![]() Several Polyporaceae |
![]() Bjerkandera fumosa | |
![]() Sparassis laminosa |
![]() Meripilus giganteus |
![]() Chondrostereum purpureum |
![]() Pleurotus dryinus | |
![]() Pleurotus ostreatus |
![]() Armillaria mellea |
![]() Armillaria ostoyae |
![]() Mucidula mucida | |
![]() Pholiota squarrosa |
![]() Gymnopus fusipes |
![]() Several Gracillariidae |
![]() Stigmella hemargyrella | |
![]() Stigmella tityrella |
![]() Bucculatrix thoracella |
![]() Incurvaria masculella Larva (Leaf Miner) |
![]() Coleophora currucipennella Larva | |
![]() Dyseriocrania subpurpurella Larva (Leaf Miner) |
![]() Several Cecidomyiidae |
![]() Byctiscus betulae Larva |
![]() Deporaus betulae | |
![]() Orchestes fagi |
![]() Acalitus stenaspis |
![]() Aceria nervisequa | ||
Herbivores: |
![]() Cervidae |
![]() Many Geometridae |
![]() Many Noctuidae |
![]() Several Notodontidae |
![]() Many Tortricidae |
![]() Nola confusalis |
![]() Pseudoips prasinana |
![]() Aglia tau Larva | |
![]() Nematopogon adansoniella Larva |
![]() Carcina quercana Larva |
![]() Diurnea fagella |
![]() Watsonalla cultraria Larva | |
![]() Arctornis l-nigrum Larva |
![]() Apoda limacodes Larva |
![]() Teleiodes flavimaculella Larva |
![]() Several Tenthredinidae | |
![]() Many Curculionidae |
![]() Clytra laeviuscula |
![]() Luperus flavipes |
![]() Agrilus cyanescens | |
![]() Melolontha melolontha | ||||
Sapivores: |
![]() Acanthosomatidae |
![]() Several Cicadellidae |
![]() Several Miridae |
![]() Palomena prasina |
![]() Pentatoma rufipes |
![]() Cixius distinguendus |
![]() Phyllaphis fagi |
![]() Pulvinaria hydrangeae | |
Xylophages: |
![]() Several Cerambycidae Larvae |
![]() Several Curculionidae |
![]() Agrilus angustulus Larva (Wood Borer) |
![]() Agrilus viridis Larva (Wood Borer) |
![]() Chyliza leptogaster Larva | ||||
Granivores: |
![]() Cervidae |
![]() Sus scrofa |
![]() Sciurus vulgaris |
![]() Several Muridae |
![]() Meles meles |
![]() Columba oenas |
![]() Columba palumbus |
![]() Several Paridae | |
![]() Sitta europaea |
![]() Garrulus glandarius |
![]() Several Fringillidae |
![]() Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale | |
![]() Scolopostethus affinis |
![]() Cydia fagiglandana Larva |
![]() Pammene fasciana Larva | ||
Bark Inhabitants: |
![]() Several Lecanoraceae |
![]() Several Parmeliaceae |
![]() Several Physciaceae |
![]() Candelariella reflexa |
![]() Pertusaria albescens |
![]() Xanthoria parietina |
![]() Chrysothrix candelaris |
![]() Phlyctis argena | |
![]() Buellia griseovirens |
![]() Ochrolechia androgyna |
![]() Strangospora pinicola |
![]() Enterographa hutchinsiae | |
![]() Graphis scripta |
![]() Cladonia digitata |
![]() Lepraria incana |
![]() Ramalina pollinaria | |
![]() Ascodichaena rugosa |
![]() Polydesmia pruinosa |
![]() Porotheleaceae |
![]() Mycena erubescens | |
![]() Mycena meliigena |
![]() Clitocybe metachroa |
![]() Conocybe dumetorum |
![]() Clitopilus scyphoides | |
![]() Phaeomarasmius erinaceus |
![]() Hohenbuehelia reniformis |
![]() Gymnopus inodorus |
![]() Orthotrichaceae | |
![]() Antitrichia curtipendula |
![]() Hypnum cupressiforme | |||
Nests: (Branches) |
![]() Ciconia nigra |
![]() Pernis apivorus |
![]() Milvus milvus |
![]() Falco tinnunculus |
![]() Falco subbuteo |
![]() Columba palumbus |
Asio otus | ||
Nests: (Cavity) |
![]() Columba oenas |
![]() |
Aegolius funereus | Picus canus |
![]() Dryocopus martius |
![]() Sturnus vulgaris | |||
Wood Decomposers: |
![]() Several Inocybaceae |
![]() Several Marasmiaceae |
![]() Many Mycenaceae |
![]() Several Omphalotaceae |
![]() Several Physalacriaceae |
![]() Several Pluteaceae |
![]() Many Psathyrellaceae |
![]() Mycenella margaritispora | |
![]() Phloeomana minutula |
![]() Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis |
![]() Pleurotus ostreatus |
![]() Schizophyllum commune | |
![]() Agrocybe firma |
![]() Pholiota tuberculosa |
![]() Chondrostereum purpureum |
![]() Radulomyces confluens | |
![]() Several Peniophoraceae |
![]() Several Stereaceae |
![]() Scytinostroma portentosum |
![]() Gloeohypochnicium analogum | |
![]() Several Auriculariaceae |
![]() Several Dacrymycetaceae |
![]() Several Hymenochaetaceae |
![]() Several Schizoporaceae | |
![]() Myxarium nucleatum |
![]() Tremella mesenterica |
![]() Plicaturopsis crispa |
![]() Botryobasidium subcoronatum | |
![]() Odonticium septocystidia |
![]() Oxyporus latemarginatus |
![]() Vuilleminia comedens |
![]() Athelia salicum | |
![]() Ceraceomyces borealis |
![]() Several Fomitopsidaceae |
![]() Ganodermataceae |
![]() Several Meruliaceae | |
![]() Several Phanerochaetaceae |
![]() Many Polyporaceae |
![]() Xenasmatella vaga |
![]() Phlebiella fibrillosa | |
![]() Xenasma pulverulentum |
![]() Meripilus giganteus |
![]() Several Helotiaceae |
![]() Several Xylariaceae | |
![]() Dasyscyphella nivea |
![]() Bisporella citrina |
![]() Bisporella pallescens |
![]() Bulgaria inquinans | |
![]() Melogramma spiniferum |
![]() Botryosphaeria quercuum |
![]() Diatrype disciformis |
![]() Diatrypella favacea | |
![]() Bispora antennata |
![]() Peziza micropus |
![]() Leocarpus fragilis |
![]() Several Lonchaeidae Larvae | |
![]() Xylota segnis Larva |
![]() Xylota sylvarum Larva |
![]() Xylosciara lignicola Larva |
![]() Tipula flavolineata Larva | |
![]() Epiphragma ocellare Larva |
![]() Lycidae Larvae |
![]() Trypodendron signatum |
![]() Pyrrhidium sanguineum Larva | |
![]() Conopalpus testaceus Larva |
![]() Platystomos albinus Larva |
![]() Pyrochroa coccinea Larva |
![]() Angiosperm Generalists | |
Leaf Decomposers: |
![]() Several Mycenaceae |
![]() Several Psathyrellaceae |
![]() Several Tricholomataceae |
![]() Marasmius cohaerens |
![]() Marasmius wynnei |
![]() Gymnopus fuscopurpureus |
![]() Gymnopus hariolorum |
![]() Flammulaster carpophilus | |
![]() Myochromella boudieri |
![]() Leucocybe candicans |
![]() Coccomyces coronatus |
![]() Paradendryphiopsis laxa | |
![]() Rhexoampullifera fagi |
![]() Polyscytalum fecundissimum |
![]() Microthyrium microscopicum |
![]() Apiognomonia errabunda | |
![]() Hymenoscyphus phyllophilus |
![]() Several Limoniidae Larvae |
![]() Corynoptera forcipata Larva |
![]() Trichocera hiemalis Larva | |
![]() Trichocera parva Larva |
![]() Sylvicola fenestralis Larva |
![]() Trisateles emortualis Larva |
![]() Angiosperm Generalists | |
Fruit Decomposers: |
![]() Hymenoscyphus fructigenus |
Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Skye Flora:
Beech
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey
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