Tree

Bark	Leaf
Flowers	Fruit

Height: <10 m, Age: <100 yr
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal, Extrafloral Nectaries
Persistent Seed Bank
Hermaphrodite, Flowering June - July (Earliest: 12.5)

Protective Chemicals
Alkaloids	Sambucine
Cyanogenic Glycosides	Hydrocyanic Acid, Sambunigrin
Terpenoids	Saponins
Flavonoids	Avicularin, Cyanidin, Isoquercitrin, Isorhamnetin, Kaempferol, Naringenin, Quercetin, Rutin, Sambucin
Other Phenolics	Caffeic, Caffeoylquinic, Chlorogenic, Coumaric, Ferulic, Gallic, Hydroxybenzoic, Protocatechuic, Syringic, & Tartaric Acids, Cyanidin
Other Acids	Acetic, Linoleic, Linolenic, Malic, Valeric

Biotopes:	Hedge Rows
Flower Visitors:	Bombus lucorum	Bombus terrestris	Anthophila fabriciana	Several Syrphidae
	Phaonia incana	Thricops nigrifrons	Hydrophoria lancifer	Scathophaga stercoraria
	Athous subfuscus	Rhagonycha translucida	Panorpa vulgaris
Parasites:	Sambucus Vein Clearing rhabdovirus	Erysiphe lonicerae	Erysiphe vanbruntiana	Pseudocercospora depazeoides
	Phyllosticta sambucicola	Inonotus cuticularis	Liriomyza amoena	Contarinia sambuci Larva (Flower Bud Gall)
	Epitrimerus trilobus (Leaf Gall)
Possible Parasites:	Botanophila fugax Larva (Stem Borer)
Herbivores:	Several Erebidae	Anania coronata	Udea prunalis	Melanchra persicariae Larva
	Ourapteryx sambucaria	Choristoneura hebenstreitella	Saturnia pavonia	Several Tenthredinidae
	Phyllobius oblongus	Cepaea
Sapivores:	Graphosoma lineatum	Lygocoris pabulinus	Philaenus spumarius	Aphis sambuci
	Empoasca decipiens	Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale	Pulvinaria hydrangeae
Xylophages:	Chyliza leptogaster Larva
Florivores:	Chloroclystis v-ata Larva	Eupithecia tripunctaria	Protaetia cuprea
Frugivores:	Apodemus sylvaticus	Columba palumbus	Prunella modularis	Drosophila suzukii Larva
	Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale
Nests:	Streptopelia turtur	Several Crabronidae	Ancistrocerus parietinus	Ancistrocerus nigricornis
Wood Decomposers:	Lyomyces sambuci	Athelia salicum	Angiosperm Generalists

Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Skye Flora: Elder

Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey

Caution

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