Plant 
Flower |
Leaf 
Fruit |
|
Plant
Flower |
Leaf
Fruit |
Height: 25-60cm
Occasionally Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Perennial, Persistent Seed Bank
Hermaphrodite, Flowering July - September
(Earliest: 10.6)
| Protective Chemicals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terpenoids | Caryophyllene, Pinene, Terpineol | ||||
| Flavonoids | Hyperoside, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Rutin | ||||
| Other Phenolics | Tannins | ||||
| Quinonoids | Hyperforin, Hypericin | ||||
| Biotopes: |
Hedge Rows | |||
| Pollination: | Autopollination | |||
| Flower Visitors: |
Several Apidae |
Thymelicus lineola |
Several Syrphidae |
Phaonia incana |
Hapleginella laevifrons | ||||
| Parasites: |
Sphaerulina hyperici |
Erysiphe hyperici |
Ectoedemia septembrella |
Euspilapteryx auroguttella Larva (Leaf Miner) |
| Herbivores: |
Several Tortricidae |
Actinotia polyodon Larva |
Lacanobia oleracea |
Agonopterix liturosa Larva |
Aplocera efformata Larva |
Several Tenthredinidae |
Chrysolina brunsvicensis |
Chrysolina varians | |
| Possible Herbivores: |
Archips xylosteana Larva |
Cnephasia longana Larva |
Alcis repandata Larva |
Pachyprotasis antennata Larva |
Pachyprotasis rapae Larva | ||||
| Sapivores: |
Aphis fabae |
Aphis frangulae frangulae |
Philaenus spumarius | |
| Possible Sapivores: |
Lygus wagneri |
Macrosiphum euphorbiae | ||
| Florivores: |
Chloroclystis v-ata Larva |
Eupithecia subumbrata Larva | ||
| Possible Florivores: |
Cryptocephalus hypochaeridis | |||
| Granivores: |
Dolycoris baccarum | |||
| Possible Granivores: |
Rhopalus parumpunctatus |
Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey
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