Trees
Bark |
Leaves |
Male Flowers |
Female Flower |
Fruit
|
Bark |
Leaves |
|
Male Flowers |
Female Flower |
Height: <45m, Age: <300 yr
Ectomycorrhizal
Monoecious, Flowering May - June
(Earliest: 22.4)
| Protective Chemicals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monoterpenoids | Camphene, Carene, Cymene, Phellandrene, Pinene,
Terpinene, Terpinolene | ||||
| Sesquiterpenoids | Cadinene | ||||
| Diterpenoids | Paclitaxel | ||||
| Flavonoids | Isorhamnetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Quercetin | ||||
| Other Phenolics | Coumaric & Hydroxybenzoic Acids, Astringin, Catechol,
Hydroxyacetophenone, Isorhapontin, Resveratrol, Tannins | ||||
| Phytoestrogens | Hydroxymatairesinol | ||||
| Lignans | Hydroxymatairesinol | ||||
| Other Acids | Abietic, Dehydroabietic, Neoabietic, Palustric, Pimaric | ||||
| Biotopes: |
Spruce Forest |
Peat Bogs and Mires |
Hedge Rows | |
| Pollination: | Wind | |||
| Mycorrhizae: |
Cantharellaceae |
Clavulinaceae |
Hydnaceae |
Thelephora palmata |
Thelephora terrestris |
Phallus impudicus |
Amphinema byssoides |
Ramaria largentii | |
Many Russulaceae |
Many Boletaceae |
Chroogomphus rutilus |
Gomphidius glutinosus | |
Paxillus involutus |
Scleroderma citrinum |
Many Amanitaceae |
Many Cortinariaceae | |
Several Hydnangiaceae |
Several Hygrophoraceae |
Several Hymenogastraceae |
Many Inocybaceae | |
Many Tricholomataceae |
Clitopilus prunulus |
Entoloma vernum | ||
| Parasites: |
Chrysomyxa abietis |
Phellinus chrysoloma |
Pucciniastrum areolatum |
Several Fomitopsidaceae |
Heterobasidion annosum |
Sparassis crispa |
Armillaria ostoyae |
Pholiota squarrosa | |
Gilletteella cooleyi Gall |
Sacchiphantes abietis Gall |
Several Tortricidae Larvae (Needle Miners) |
Agrotis segetum Larva | |
| Herbivores: |
Many Geometridae |
Many Tortricidae |
Sphinx pinastri |
Lymantria monacha Larva |
Dioryctria abietella Larva |
Chionodes electella Larva |
Cephalcia abietis Larva |
Cephalcia arvensis Larva | |
Gilpinia polytoma Larva |
Pristiphora compressa Larva |
Pristiphora nigella Larva |
Many Curculionidae | |
Cryptocephalus pini | ||||
| Sapivores: |
Acanthosomatidae |
Several Aphididae |
Several Cicadellidae |
Several Miridae |
Cixius distinguendus | ||||
| Xylophages: |
Cervus elaphus |
Several Cerambycidae Larvae (Wood Borers) |
Several Curculionidae (Wood Borers) |
Anthaxia quadripunctata Larva (Wood Borer) |
Microbregma emarginatum Larva (Wood Borer) |
Paraphotistus impressus Larva (Roots) |
Chyliza annulipes Larva |
Cydia cosmophorana Larva | |
| Granivores: |
Sciurus vulgaris |
Several Muridae |
Dendrocopos major |
Lophophanes cristatus |
Periparus ater |
Sitta europaea |
Certhia familiaris |
Most Fringillidae | |
Cydia strobilella |
Eupithecia abietaria Larva |
Gastrodes abietum |
Gastrodes grossipes | |
Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale |
Ernobius abietis Larva | |||
| Feeding Signs: |
Sciurus vulgaris |
Apodemus sylvaticus |
Loxia curvirostra | |
| Bark Inhabitants: |
Several Parmeliaceae |
Lecanora conizaeoides |
Chrysothrix candelaris |
Lepraria incana |
Physcia adscendens |
Ochrolechia microstictoides |
Mycena xantholeuca |
Gymnopus ocior | |
Orthotrichum lyellii |
Ulota crispa |
Dicranoweisia cirrata |
Anatis ocellata | |
| Nests: |
Several Accipitridae |
Columba palumbus |
Asio otus |
Sylvia curruca |
Regulidae |
Certhiidae |
Laniidae |
Nucifraga caryocatactes | |
Spinus spinus |
Loxia curvirostra | |||
| Wood Decomposers: |
Many Mycenaceae |
Several Strophariaceae |
Armillaria ostoyae |
Oudemansiella melanotricha |
Pluteus pouzarianus |
Pluteus roseipes |
Psathyrella caput-medusae |
Psathyrella pertinax | |
Tricholomopsis decora |
Tricholomopsis rutilans |
Pleurocybella porrigens |
Gymnopilus sapineus | |
Arrhenia epichysium |
Connopus acervatus |
Amylostereaceae |
Heterobasidion annosum | |
Stereum sanguinolentum |
Gloiothele citrina |
Tapinella atrotomentosa |
Several Auriculariaceae | |
Several Dacrymycetaceae |
Several Gloeophyllaceae |
Several Hymenochaetaceae |
Pseudohydnum gelatinosum | |
Trichaptum abietinum |
Tremella encephala |
Sebacina grisea |
Tylospora fibrillosa | |
Amylocorticiellum molle |
Veluticeps abietina |
Many Fomitopsidaceae |
Several Polyporaceae | |
Fuscopostia fragilis |
Calcipostia guttulata |
Coniophora olivacea |
Pezicula livida | |
Leocarpus fragilis |
Several Cerambycidae Larvae |
Several Curculionidae |
Xylosciara lignicola Larva | |
Siricidae Larvae |
Gymnosperm Generalists | |||
| Needle Decomposers: |
Many Mycenaceae |
Several Tricholomataceae |
Gymnopus perforans |
Rhodocollybia filamentosa |
Tephrocybe confusa |
Psathyrella pertinax |
Leucocybe candicans |
Several Gomphaceae | |
|
Tylospora fibrillosa |
Gymnosperm Generalists | |||
| Cone Decomposers: |
Strobilurus esculentus |
Mycena plumipes |
Baeospora myosura |
Phomopsis velata |
Phaeohelotium umbilicatum |
Gymnosperm Generalists |
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2011 J.K. Lindsey
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