![]() Bark |
![]() Leaves |
![]() Male Flowers |
![]() Female Flower |
Height: <45m, Age: <300 yr
Ectomycorrhizal
Monoecious, Flowering May - June
(Earliest: 22.4)
Protective Chemicals | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monoterpenoids | Camphene, Carene, Cymene, Phellandrene, Pinene,
Terpinene, Terpinolene | ||||
Sesquiterpenoids | Cadinene | ||||
Diterpenoids | Paclitaxel | ||||
Flavonoids | Isorhamnetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Quercetin | ||||
Other Phenolics | Coumaric & Hydroxybenzoic Acids, Astringin, Catechol,
Hydroxyacetophenone, Isorhapontin, Resveratrol, Tannins | ||||
Phytoestrogens | Hydroxymatairesinol | ||||
Lignans | Hydroxymatairesinol | ||||
Other Acids | Abietic, Dehydroabietic, Neoabietic, Palustric, Pimaric |
Biotopes: |
![]() Spruce Forest |
![]() Peat Bogs and Mires |
![]() Hedge Rows | |
Pollination: | Wind | |||
Mycorrhizae: |
![]() Cantharellaceae |
![]() Clavulinaceae |
![]() Hydnaceae |
![]() Thelephora palmata |
![]() Thelephora terrestris |
![]() Phallus impudicus |
![]() Amphinema byssoides |
![]() Ramaria largentii | |
![]() Many Russulaceae |
![]() Many Boletaceae |
![]() Chroogomphus rutilus |
![]() Gomphidius glutinosus | |
![]() Paxillus involutus |
![]() Scleroderma citrinum |
![]() Many Amanitaceae |
![]() Many Cortinariaceae | |
![]() Several Hydnangiaceae |
![]() Several Hygrophoraceae |
![]() Several Hymenogastraceae |
![]() Many Inocybaceae | |
![]() Many Tricholomataceae |
![]() Clitopilus prunulus |
![]() Entoloma vernum | ||
Parasites: |
![]() Chrysomyxa abietis |
![]() Phellinus chrysoloma |
![]() Pucciniastrum areolatum |
![]() Several Fomitopsidaceae |
![]() Heterobasidion annosum |
![]() Sparassis crispa |
![]() Armillaria ostoyae |
![]() Pholiota squarrosa | |
![]() Gilletteella cooleyi Gall |
![]() Sacchiphantes abietis Gall |
![]() Several Tortricidae Larvae (Needle Miners) |
![]() Agrotis segetum Larva | |
Herbivores: |
![]() Many Geometridae |
![]() Many Tortricidae |
![]() Sphinx pinastri |
![]() Lymantria monacha Larva |
![]() Dioryctria abietella Larva |
![]() Chionodes electella Larva |
![]() Cephalcia abietis Larva |
![]() Cephalcia arvensis Larva | |
![]() Gilpinia polytoma Larva |
![]() Pristiphora compressa Larva |
![]() Pristiphora nigella Larva |
![]() Many Curculionidae | |
![]() Cryptocephalus pini | ||||
Sapivores: |
![]() Acanthosomatidae |
![]() Several Aphididae |
![]() Several Cicadellidae |
![]() Several Miridae |
![]() Cixius distinguendus | ||||
Xylophages: |
![]() Cervus elaphus |
![]() Several Cerambycidae Larvae (Wood Borers) |
![]() Several Curculionidae (Wood Borers) |
![]() Anthaxia quadripunctata Larva (Wood Borer) |
![]() Microbregma emarginatum Larva (Wood Borer) |
![]() Paraphotistus impressus Larva (Roots) |
![]() Chyliza annulipes Larva |
![]() Cydia cosmophorana Larva | |
Granivores: |
![]() Sciurus vulgaris |
![]() Several Muridae |
![]() Dendrocopos major |
![]() Lophophanes cristatus |
![]() Periparus ater |
![]() Sitta europaea |
![]() Certhia familiaris |
![]() Most Fringillidae | |
![]() Cydia strobilella |
![]() Eupithecia abietaria Larva |
![]() Gastrodes abietum |
![]() Gastrodes grossipes | |
![]() Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale |
![]() Ernobius abietis Larva | |||
Feeding Signs: |
![]() Sciurus vulgaris |
![]() Apodemus sylvaticus |
![]() Loxia curvirostra | |
Bark Inhabitants: |
![]() Several Parmeliaceae |
![]() Lecanora conizaeoides |
![]() Chrysothrix candelaris |
![]() Lepraria incana |
![]() Physcia adscendens |
![]() Ochrolechia microstictoides |
![]() Mycena xantholeuca |
![]() Gymnopus ocior | |
![]() Orthotrichum lyellii |
![]() Ulota crispa |
![]() Dicranoweisia cirrata |
![]() Anatis ocellata | |
Nests: |
![]() Several Accipitridae |
![]() Columba palumbus |
Asio otus |
![]() Sylvia curruca |
![]() Regulidae |
![]() Certhiidae |
![]() Laniidae |
![]() Nucifraga caryocatactes | |
![]() Spinus spinus |
![]() Loxia curvirostra | |||
Wood Decomposers: |
![]() Many Mycenaceae |
![]() Several Strophariaceae |
![]() Armillaria ostoyae |
![]() Oudemansiella melanotricha |
![]() Pluteus pouzarianus |
![]() Pluteus roseipes |
![]() Psathyrella caput-medusae |
![]() Psathyrella pertinax | |
![]() Tricholomopsis decora |
![]() Tricholomopsis rutilans |
![]() Pleurocybella porrigens |
![]() Gymnopilus sapineus | |
![]() Arrhenia epichysium |
![]() Connopus acervatus |
![]() Amylostereaceae |
![]() Heterobasidion annosum | |
![]() Stereum sanguinolentum |
![]() Gloiothele citrina |
![]() Tapinella atrotomentosa |
![]() Several Auriculariaceae | |
![]() Several Dacrymycetaceae |
![]() Several Gloeophyllaceae |
![]() Several Hymenochaetaceae |
![]() Pseudohydnum gelatinosum | |
![]() Trichaptum abietinum |
![]() Tremella encephala |
![]() Sebacina grisea |
![]() Tylospora fibrillosa | |
![]() Amylocorticiellum molle |
![]() Veluticeps abietina |
![]() Many Fomitopsidaceae |
![]() Several Polyporaceae | |
![]() Fuscopostia fragilis |
![]() Calcipostia guttulata |
![]() Coniophora olivacea |
![]() Pezicula livida | |
![]() Leocarpus fragilis |
![]() Several Cerambycidae Larvae |
![]() Several Curculionidae |
![]() Xylosciara lignicola Larva | |
![]() Siricidae Larvae |
![]() Gymnosperm Generalists | |||
Needle Decomposers: |
![]() Many Mycenaceae |
![]() Several Tricholomataceae |
![]() Gymnopus perforans |
![]() Rhodocollybia filamentosa |
![]() Tephrocybe confusa |
![]() Psathyrella pertinax |
![]() Leucocybe candicans |
![]() Several Gomphaceae | |
![]() Tylospora fibrillosa |
![]() Gymnosperm Generalists | |||
Cone Decomposers: |
![]() Strobilurus esculentus |
![]() Mycena plumipes |
![]() Baeospora myosura |
![]() Phomopsis velata |
![]() Phaeohelotium umbilicatum |
![]() Gymnosperm Generalists |
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2011 J.K. Lindsey
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