Bush
Bark |
Leaf |
Flower |
Fruit |
|
Bark |
Leaf |
|
Flower |
Fruit |
Height: <10 m, Age: <300 yr
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Persistent Seed Bank
Dioecious, Flowering May - June
(Earliest: 2.5)
| Protective Chemicals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methylxanthine Alkaloids | Theobromine | ||||
| Nitrile Glycosides | Menisdaurin | ||||
| Saponins | Ursolic Acid, Amyrin | ||||
| Other Triterpenoids | Squalene | ||||
| Flavonoids | Quercetin | ||||
| Other Phenolics | Hydroxybenzoic, Phenylacetic &
Vanillic Acids, Tannins | ||||
| Other Acids | Arachidic, Linoleic, Linolenic, Oleic,
Palmitic, Pentadecanoic, Stearic | ||||
| Sterols | Ergosterol, Sitosterol | ||||
| Biotopes: |
Hedge Rows | |||
| Flower Visitors: |
Bombus pascuorum | |||
| Parasites: |
Coniothyrium ilicis |
Phytophthora ilicis |
Phytomyza ilicis | |
| Herbivores: |
Celastrina argiolus Larva |
Ditula angustiorana Larva |
Rhopobota naevana Larva |
Cosmia trapezina |
| Sapivores: |
Acanthosomatidae |
Macrosiphum rosae | ||
| Florivores: |
Gymnoscelis rufifasciata Larva | |||
| Frugivores: |
Columba palumbus |
Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale | ||
| Wood Decomposers: |
Diaporthe ilicis |
Angiosperm Generalists | ||
| Leaf Decomposers: |
Phyllosticta philoprina |
Phacidium lauri |
Angiosperm Generalists |
Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Skye Flora:
Holly
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 J.K. Lindsey
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