Plant	Leaves
Flower	Fruit

Height: 50-150cm
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Annual/Biennial, Persistent Seed Bank
Hermaphrodite, Flowering June - September (Earliest: 3.9)
Origin: North America

Protective Chemicals
Phenolics	Caffeic, Chlorogenic, Ellagic, Gallic, & Syringic Acids
Other Acids	Linolenic, Linolic, Oleic, Palmitic, Stearic

Biotopes:	Meadows
Herbivores:	Deilephila elpenor	Cnephasia incertana	Altica lythri
	Altica oleracea
Sapivores:	Lygus rugulipennis	Philaenus spumarius	Aphis fabae
Florivores:	Eupithecia subfuscata	Elaphria venustula Larva

Ecological Flora of the British Isles

Pictures © 2001, 2003 J.K. Lindsey

Caution

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