Plant	Leaf
Flower

Height: 15-30cm
Never Mycorrhizal
Biennial, Persistent Seed Bank
Hermaphrodite, Flowering May - August (Earliest: 28.4)

Biotopes:	Spruce Forest Edge
Parasites:	Erysiphe cruciferarum
Herbivores:	Phyllotreta atra	Phyllotreta procera
Possible Herbivores:	Cnephasia asseclana	Plutella xylostella Larva
Possible Sapivores:	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Granivores:	Anthocharis cardamines Larva

Ecological Flora of the British Isles

Pictures © 2003, 2012 J.K. Lindsey

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