Tree

Bark	Leaf
Flowers	Fruit

Height: <10 m, Age: <100 yr
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Hermaphrodite, Flowering June - July (Earliest: 12.5)

Habitat:	Hedge Rows
Pollination:	Anthophila fabriciana	Several Syrphidae	Several Muscidae	Alliopsis silvestris
	Athous subfuscus
Parasites:	Sambucus Vein Clearing rhabdovirus	Erysiphe lonicerae	Cercospora depazeoides	Liriomyza amoena
Herbivores:	Ourapteryx sambucaria	Choristoneura hebenstreitella	Anania coronata Larva	Macrophya albicincta
	Macrophya ribis Larva	Helicidae
Sapivores:	Aphis sambuci	Pulvinaria hydrangeae
Florivores:	Protaetia cuprea
Frugivores:	Columba palumbus	Prunella modularis
Nests:	Streptopelia turtur

Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Skye Flora: Elder

Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey

Caution

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