Tree

Bark	Leaves
Female Flower	Fruit

Height: <45 m, Age: <300 yr
Ectomycorrhizal
Monoecious, Flowering May - June (Earliest: 12.5)

Habitat:	Spruce Forest
Pollination:	Wind
Mycorrhizae:	Hydnaceae	Cantharellaceae	Phallus impudicus	Thelephora terrestris
	Many Russulaceae	Paxillus involutus	Most Boletaceae	Gomphidius glutinosus
	Laccaria bicolor	Laccaria laccata	Several Amanitaceae	Many Cortinariaceae
	Clitopilus prunulus	Several Tricholomataceae	Several Inocybaceae	Several Hygrophoraceae
	Several Strophariaceae	Chlorophyllum rhacodes	Lycoperdon perlatum
Lichens:	Candelariella xanthostigma	Lepraria incana	Parmelia saxatilis	Platismatia glauca
	Physcia adscendens
Mosses:	Dicranoweisia cirrata	Orthotrichum lyellii
Parasites:	Fomitopsis pinicola	Phaeolus schweinitzii	Heterobasidion annosum	Sparassis crispa
	Armillaria ostoyae	Pholiota squarrosa	Mycena laevigata	Several Cerambycidae Larvae (Wood Borers)
	Anthaxia quadripunctata Larva (Wood Borer)	Ips typographus (Wood Borer)	Pityogenes chalcographus (Wood Borer)	Sacchiphantes abietis Gall
Herbivores:	Several Geometridae	Sphinx pinastri	Several Tortricidae Larvae	Dioryctria schuetzeella Larva
	Chionodes electella Larva	Lymantria monacha Larva	Cephalcia arvensis Larva	Gilpinia hercyniae Larva
	Pristiphora compressa Larva	Polydrusus impar	Strophosoma melanogrammum
Sapivores:	Cinara piceicola	Balclutha punctata	Aphrophora corticea	Atractotomus magnicornis
Granivores:	Sciurus vulgaris	Several Muridae	Dendrocopos major	Parus ater
	Parus cristatus	Sitta europaea	Certhia familiaris	Most Fringillidae
	Cydia strobilella	Gastrodes abietum
Inhabitants:	Anatis ocellata
Nests:	Several Accipitridae	Columba palumbus	Asio otus	Sylvia curruca
	Regulidae	Certhiidae	Laniidae	Nucifraga caryocatactes
	Carduelis spinus	Loxia curvirostra

Feeding Signs

Sciurus vulgaris

Apodemus sylvaticus

Loxia curvirostra

Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 J.K. Lindsey

Caution

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