Tree

Bark	Leaves
Male Flower	Colour Variant
Female Flower	Fruit

Height: <40 m, Age: <300 yr
Ectomycorrhizal
Monoecious, Flowering April - May (Earliest: 23.4)

Habitat:	Beech Forest	Hedge Rows
Seed Dispersal:	Garrulus glandarius
Mycorrhizae:	Hydnaceae	Cantharellaceae	Phallus impudicus	Many Boletaceae
	Paxillus involutus	Scleroderma citrinum	Many Russulaceae	Many Amanitaceae
	Many Cortinariaceae	Several Inocybaceae	Several Tricholomataceae	Laccaria amethystina
	Laccaria laccata	Clitopilus prunulus	Entoloma rhodopolium	Hygrophorus penarius
Parasites:	Mycosphaerella fagi	Apiognomonia errabunda	Bjerkandera adusta	Cerrena unicolor
	Fomes fomentarius	Daedalea quercina	Fomitopsis pinicola	Sparassis brevipes
	Chondrostereum purpureum	Pleurotus dryinus	Pleurotus ostreatus	Armillaria mellea
	Armillaria ostoyae	Oudemansiella mucida	Pholiota squarrosa	Mycena hiemalis
	Mycena olida	Caloptilia alchimiella Larva (Leaf Miner)	Stigmella hemargyrella Larva (Leaf Miner)	Stigmella tityrella Larva (Leaf Miner)
	Phyllonorycter maestingella Larva (Leaf Miner)	Hartigiola annulipes Larva (Leaf Gall)	Mikiola fagi Larva (Leaf Gall)	Orchestes fagi Larva (Leaf Miner)
	Aceria nervisequa Larva (Leaf Gall)
Herbivores:	Cervidae	Campaea margaritata Larva	Epirrita christyi	Nematopogon adansoniella Larva
	Carcina quercana Larva	Archips podana Larva	Several Curculionidae	Byctiscus betulae
	Agrilus cyanescens	Melolontha melolontha
Sapivores:	Phyllaphis fagi
Xylophages:	Several Cerambycidae Larvae (Wood Borers)
Granivores:	Cervidae	Sus scrofa	Sciurus vulgaris	Several Muridae
	Meles meles	Columba oenas	Columba palumbus	Several Paridae
	Sitta europaea	Garrulus glandarius	Several Fringillidae	Cydia fagiglandana Larva
Lichens:	Candelariella reflexa	Lecanora carpinea	Lecidella elaeochroma	Opegrapha atra
	Pertusaria albescens	Xanthoria parietina	Parmelia sulcata	Parmeliopsis xambigua
Mosses:	Orthotrichaceae	Antitrichia curtipendula	Dicranoweisia cirrata	Hypnum cupressiforme
Nests: (Branches)	Ciconia nigra	Pernis apivorus	Milvus milvus	Falco tinnunculus
	Falco subbuteo	Columba palumbus	Asio otus
Nests: (Cavity)	Columba oenas	Strix aluco	Aegolius funereus	Picus canus
	Dryocopus martius	Sturnus vulgaris

Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Skye Flora: Beech

Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey

Caution

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