Tree

Bark	Leaf
Flower	Fruit

Height: <10 m, Age: <500 yr
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Hermaphrodite, Flowering April - May (Earliest: 27.4)

Habitat:	Hedge Rows
Mycorrhizae:	Tubaria dispersa
Lichens:	Physcia adscendens	Xanthoria parietina
Pollination:	Several Apidae	Tenthredo temula	Araschnia levana	Callophrys rubi
	Several Syrphidae	Several Empididae	Bibio lanigerus	Scathophaga stercoraria
	Chlorops hypostigma	Lucilia sericata	Byturus tomentosus	Clytus arietis
	Mordella aculeata	Anaspis fasciata
Parasites:	Diplocarpon mespili	Taphrina crataegi	Venturia inaequalis	Podosphaera clandestina
	Clytus arietis Larva (Wood Borer)	Anthonomus pedicularius Larva (Flower Gall)	Magdalis ruficornis Larva (Wood Borer)	Parornix anglicella Larva (Leaf Miner)
	Phyllonorycter oxyacanthae Larva (Leaf Miner)	Paraswammerdamia nebulella Larva (Leaf Miner)	Stigmella oxyacanthella Larva (Leaf Miner)	Incurvaria masculella Larva (Leaf Miner)
	Resseliella crataegi Larva (Stem Gall)	Phyllocoptes goniothorax (Leaf Gall)
Herbivores:	Aporia crataegi	Several Geometridae	Acronicta psi	Several Tortricidae
	Swammerdamia pyrella Larva	Yponomeuta padella	Neurotoma saltuum	Pamphilius sylvaticus Larva
	Arge ustulata Larva	Ampedus pomorum	Cidnopus pilosus	Lochmaea crataegi
	Magdalis ruficornis	Phyllobius oblongus
Sapivores:	Heterotoma planicornis	Psallus ambiguus	Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale	Cacopsylla melanoneura
	Cacopsylla peregrina	Edwardsiana crataegi	Siphoninus phillyreae	Prociphilus pini
Frugivores:	Tatianaerhynchites aequatus	Miris striatus	Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale Nymph
Nests:	Streptopelia turtur	Sylvia curruca	Laniidae	Emberiza citrinella

Ecological Flora of the British Isles

Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey

Caution

Back to Ecology of Commanster