Trees

Bark	Leaf
Male Flowers	Female Flowers

Fruit

Height: <25 m, Age: <100 yr
Ectomycorrhizal
Monoecious, Flowering April - May (Earliest: 28.4)

Habitat:	Peat Bogs and Fens	Wet Forest
Pollination:	Wind
Seed Dispersal:	Wind
Mycorrhizae:	Thelephora terrestris	Leccinum	Paxillus involutus	Many Russulaceae
	Several Cortinariaceae	Hebeloma crustuliniforme	Hebeloma leucosarx	Tricholoma fulvum
	Amanita muscaria	Laccaria proxima
Lichens:	Hypogymnia physodes	Cladonia coniocraea
Parasites:	Taphrina betulina	Erysiphe ornata	Fomitopsis pinicola	Piptoporus betulinus
	Synanthedon spheciformis Larva (Wood Borer)	Incurvaria pectinea (Leaf Miner)	Several Cerambycidae Larvae
Herbivores:	Capreolus capreolus	Several Geometridae	Phlogophora meticulosa	Epinotia ramella Larva
	Orthotaenia undulana Larva	Drepana curvatula	Ochropacha duplaris	Deporaus betulae
	Strophosoma melanogrammum	Lochmaea capreae	Luperus luperus	Paraphotistus impressus
	Several Tenthredinidae	Arge ustulata Larva	Trichiosoma lucorum Larva
Sapivores:	Pentatoma rufipes	Troilus luridus	Psallus betuleti	Calaphis flava
	Euceraphis punctipennis	Aphrophora alni	Psylla betulae
Florivores:	Argyresthia goedartella Larva
Granivores:	Parus caeruleus	Carduelis flammea	Carduelis spinus	Coccothraustes coccothraustes
	Cochylis nana Larva	Blepharidopterus angulatus	Miris striatus	Kleidocerys resedae

Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Skye Flora: Downy Birch

Pictures © 2003, 2005 J.K. Lindsey

Caution

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