Tree

Bark	Leaves
Male Flowers	Female Flowers

Fruit

Height: <30 m, Age: <100 yr
Ectomycorrhizal
Monoecious, Flowering April - May (Earliest: 7.4)

Habitat:	Wet Forest
Pollination:	Wind
Seed Dispersal:	Wind
Mycorrhizae:	Thelephora terrestris	Several Boletaceae	Paxillus involutus	Scleroderma citrinum
	Many Russulaceae	Several Amanita	Several Cortinariaceae	Several Tricholomataceae
	Several Strophariaceae	Laccaria amethystina	Laccaria proxima	Inocybe grammata
	Inocybe lacera
Parasites:	Marssonina betulae	Erysiphe ornata	Taphrina betulina	Inonotus obliquus
	Phellinus igniarius	Fomitopsis pinicola	Piptoporus betulinus	Fomes fomentarius
	Chondrostereum purpureum	Armillaria ostoyae	Incurvaria pectinea	Coleophora potentillae
	Coleophora serratella	Epinotia tetraquetrana Larva (Stem Borer)
Herbivores:	Capreolus capreolus	Bonasa bonasia	Nymphalis polychloros	Several Geometridae
	Acronicta psi	Phlogophora meticulosa	Several Tortricidae Larvae	Drepana curvatula
	Ochropacha duplaris	Byctiscus betulae	Deporaus betulae	Polydrusus pterygomalis
	Lochmaea capreae	Luperus luperus	Agrilus cyanescens	Paraphotistus impressus
	Several Tenthredinidae	Arge ustulata Larva	Trichiosoma lucorum Larva
Sapivores:	Pentatoma rufipes	Troilus luridus	Psallus betuleti	Calaphis flava
	Euceraphis punctipennis
Xylophages:	Synanthedon spheciformis Larva (Wood Borer)	Several Cerambycidae Larvae (Wood Borers)	Schizotus pectinicornis Larva (Wood Borer)
Florivores:	Argyresthia goedartella Larva
Granivores:	Parus caeruleus	Carduelis flammea	Carduelis spinus	Coccothraustes coccothraustes
	Cochylis nana Larva	Blepharidopterus angulatus	Miris striatus	Kleidocerys resedae
Lichens:	Candelaria concolor	Candelariella reflexa	Evernia prunastri	Parmelia saxatilis
	Physcia tenella
Nests:	Columba palumbus

Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Skye Flora: Silver Birch

Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey

Caution

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