Tree

Bark	Leaf
Male Flowers	Female Flowers Fruit

Height: <20 m, Age: <100 yr
Occasionally Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Monoecious, Flowering March - April (Earliest: 14.2)

Habitat:	Wet Forest
Pollination:	Wind
Seed Dispersal:	Wind
Mycorrhizae:	Paxillus involutus	Paxillus rubicundulus	Cortinarius violaceus	Lactarius lacunarum
	Russula decolorans
Parasites:	Asteroma alneum	Taphrina tosquinetii	Inonotus radiatus	Fomitopsis pinicola
	Incurvaria pectinea (Leaf Miner)	Epinotia tetraquetrana Larva (Stem Borer)	Eriophyes laevis (Leaf Gall)
Herbivores:	Capreolus capreolus	Capua vulgana Larva	Epinotia sordidana	Drepana curvatula
	Ochropacha duplaris	Agelastica alni	Byctiscus betulae	Tenthredo ferruginea Larva
Sapivores:	Palomena prasina	Pentatoma rufipes	Aphrophora alni	Psallus ambiguus
Xylophages:	Synanthedon spheciformis Larva (Wood Borer)	Pachytodes cerambyciformis Larva (Root Borer)	Rhagium bifasciatum Larva (Wood Borer)
Florivores:	Argyresthia goedartella Larva
Granivores:	Carduelis carduelis	Carduelis spinus	Several Miridae
Lichens:	Hypogymnia physodes	Parmelia sulcata	Lecanora carpinea	Pertusaria amara

Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Skye Flora: Alder

Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 J.K. Lindsey

Caution

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