Plant	Leaf
Flower	Fruit

Height: 60-150cm
Perennial, Occasionally Stoloniferous
Hermaphrodite, Flowering July - September (Earliest: 5.7)

Habitat:	Hedge Rows	Spruce Forest Edge
Pollination:	Several Apidae	Several Nymphalidae	Pieris brassicae	Pieris napi
	Autographa gamma	Anthophila fabriciana	Idaea subsericeata	Udea lutealis
	Many Syrphidae	Most Conopidae	Empis livida	Chlorops hypostigma
	Apteropeda orbiculata	Olibrus flavicornis
Seed Dispersal:	Wind
Parasites:	Erysiphe cichoracearum	Septoria senecionis	Phytomyza senecionis (Leaf Miner)	Cornutrypeta spinifrons (Leaf Miner)
Herbivores:	Xestia c-nigrum Larva	Diaphora mendica	Anania lancealis Larva	Helicidae
Sapivores:	Lygus pratensis	Aphis jacobaeae

Ecological Flora of the British Isles

Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey

Caution

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