Plant |
Leaf |
Flower |
Fruit |
|
Plant |
Leaf |
|
Flower |
Fruit |
Height: 60-150cm
Perennial, Occasionally Stoloniferous
Hermaphrodite, Flowering July - September
(Earliest: 5.7)
| Habitat: |
Hedge Rows |
Spruce Forest Edge | ||
| Pollination: |
Several Apidae |
Several Nymphalidae |
Pieris napi |
Autographa gamma |
Anthophila fabriciana |
Idaea subsericeata |
Udea lutealis |
Many Syrphidae | |
Most Conopidae |
Empis livida |
Chlorops hypostigma |
Apteropeda orbiculata | |
Olibrus flavicornis | ||||
| Seed Dispersal: | Wind | |||
| Parasites: |
Erysiphe cichoracearum |
Septoria senecionis |
Phytomyza senecionis (Leaf Miner) |
Cornutrypeta spinifrons (Leaf Miner) |
| Herbivores: |
Xestia c-nigrum Larva |
Diaphora mendica |
Perinephela lancealis Larva |
Helicidae |
| Sapivores: |
Lygus pratensis |
Aphis jacobaeae |
Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey
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