Tree
Bark |
Leaf |
Male Flowers |
Female Flowers |
Fruit
|
Bark |
Leaf |
|
Male Flowers |
Female Flowers |
Height: <35 m, Age: <1500 yr
Ectomycorrhizal
Lacks Persistent Seed Bank
Monoecious, Flowering June (Earliest: 3.6)
Origin: Southern Europe
| Protective Chemicals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ellagitannins | Acutissimin, Castalagin, Castalin, Vescalagin | ||||
| Gallotannins | Kurigalin | ||||
| Other Phenolics | Ellagic, Ferulic, Gallic, Protocatechuic, Syringic,
& Vanillic Acids, Chestanin, Galloylhamamelose | ||||
| Biotopes: |
Beech Forest | |||
| Pollination: | Wind | |||
| Flower Visitors: |
Eristalis pertinax |
Eristalis similis |
Scathophaga stercoraria |
Sarcophaga carnaria |
| Mycorrhizae: |
Many Amanitaceae |
Several Cortinariaceae |
Many Inocybaceae |
Several Tricholomataceae |
Hebeloma crustuliniforme |
Hebeloma sinapizans |
Laccaria amethystina |
Laccaria laccata | |
Clitopilus prunulus |
Cantharellus cibarius |
Hydnum repandum |
Hydnum rufescens | |
Many Boletaceae |
Paxillus involutus |
Scleroderma citrinum |
Many Russulaceae | |
| Parasites: |
Stromatoseptoria castaneicola |
Daedalea quercina |
Aurantiporus fissilis |
Cerrena unicolor |
Inonotus cuticularis |
Armillaria mellea |
Several Gracillariidae |
Tischeriidae | |
Incurvaria masculella Larva (Leaf Miner) |
Lyonetia clerkella |
Ectoedemia albifasciella |
Bucculatrix thoracella | |
Profenusa pygmaea |
Byctiscus betulae Larva |
Deporaus betulae | ||
| Herbivores: |
Several Geometridae |
Archips xylosteana Larva |
Pandemis heparana |
Spatalistis bifasciana Larva |
Carcina quercana Larva |
Pseudoips prasinana |
Teleiodes flavimaculella Larva |
Agrotera nemoralis Larva | |
| Sapivores: |
Several Cicadellidae |
Aphrophora alni |
Lachnus roboris |
Pulvinaria hydrangeae |
| Xylophages: |
Several Buprestidae Larvae (Wood Borers) |
Dinoptera collaris Larva (Wood Borer) |
Pachytodes cerambyciformis Larva (Root Borer) |
Scolytus intricatus |
Scolytus rugulosus (Wood Borer) | ||||
| Granivores: |
Apodemus sylvaticus |
Parus major |
Several Tortricidae Larvae | |
| Bark Inhabitants: |
Lepraria lobificans | |||
| Wood Decomposers: |
Homophron spadiceum |
Gymnopus erythropus |
Armillaria mellea |
Tremella globispora |
|
Daedalea quercina |
Bulgaria inquinans |
Jackrogersella multiformis |
Pyrrhidium sanguineum Larva | |
Pyrochroa coccinea Larva |
Angiosperm Generalists | |||
| Leaf Decomposers: |
Polyscytalum fecundissimum |
Fusidium griseum |
Trisateles emortualis Larva |
Angiosperm Generalists |
Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Pictures © 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007 J.K. Lindsey
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